A road less travelled: Clinical comparison of HIV seropositive and seronegative patients with cystoisosporiasis � An 11-year experience from a tertiary care centre in Northern India

Background: Cystoisospora is a well-known opportunistic enteric parasite among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive patients but there is a paucity of data among HIV negative patients. This study investigated Cystosporiasis on both HIV positive and negative patients, with or without diarrhea, presenting to a tertiary care and super specialty center of northern India. Methodology: Oocysts of Cystoisospora were detected on light microscopy, by modified Kinyoun staining of stool specimens, over an 11-year study period. Results: Of the 10,233 stool specimens evaluated, Cystoisospora was detected in 64 patients, 37 (57.81%) of whom were HIV positive. Year-wise analysis showed an overall declining trend of cystoisosporiasis. Maximum cases were detected in May and June in HIV positive patients and February and September among HIV negative patients. Among HIV positive patients, the mean CD4 count was 152.04 � 81.12cells/?L, mean absolute eosinophil count (AEC) was 229.16 � 175.62 cells/?L and 12.5% patients had mild eosinophilia. Tuberculosis was the most common co-morbidity. Dual infections of Cystoisospora with Cryptosporidium and Giardia were also seen. Among HIV negative patients, eight had primary autoimmune disorders, seven were solid organ transplant recipients and the rest had chronic bowel diseases. The mean AEC was 485.47 � 414.88 cells/?L, with 14.81% patients showing mild and 11.11% showing marked eosinophilia. Dual infection with Giardia was seen. Recurrent cystoisosporiasis was noted, despite cotrimoxazole treatment in a single case. Conclusion: The epidemiology of cystoisosporiasis differs between HIV seropositive and seronegative patients in terms of year-wise and month-wise trends, co-infections and most importantly, AECs.

Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Acute and Chronic Skin Lesions of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus (SA) has peculiar abilities to colonize the skin in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the colonization rates of SA in acute and chronic skin lesions of AD patients, to find any difference in colonization rates according to age and to find the influences of total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eosinophil counts to the colonization of SA. METHODS: We evaluated the total IgE level and eosinophil counts, and cultured SA from the skin lesions of 687 AD patients (131 acute and 556 chronic skin lesions) and 247 control urticaria patients (July 2009 to November 2010; Samsung Medical Center Dermatology Clinic, Seoul, Korea). RESULTS: The SA colonization rates were 74%, 38% and 3% in acute, chronic skin lesions and control skin, respectively, and they were increased with age in AD patients. The colonization rate in chronic skin lesions was higher in the high IgE/eosinophilia groups as compared to the normal IgE/eosinophil groups. CONCLUSION: The SA colonization rate was higher in AD patients and especially in acute lesions, and had a tendency to increase with age. As the colonization rates were only higher in the high IgE/eosinophilia groups of chronic skin lesions, we suggested that SA may invade the skin through barrier defects in acute skin lesions, but the colonization in chronic lesions may be orchestrated through many different factors.

Correlation of Appearance of Nasal Eosinophils with Levels of Total Eosinophil Counts, Total IgE, and House Dust Mite Specific IgE in Children with Symptoms of Rhinitis / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

PURPOSE: Nasal cytology for eosinophils has been reported to be very useful for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. The purpose of this study is to describe the relationship of the appearance of nasal eosinophils with the levels of total eosinophil counts, total IgE, and house dust mite specific IgE in child patients with symptoms of rhinitis. METHODS: Two hundred seventy eight children with symptoms of rhinitis less than 16 years of age were recruited and evaluated for the following variables: total eosinophil counts, total IgE concentrations, house dust mite specific IgE concentrations, and nasal cytology for eosinophils. RESULTS: The rate of appearance of nasal eosinophils graded as positive rose as the children's age increased. The levels of total eosinophil counts, total IgE concentrations and house dust mite-specific IgE concentrations were significantly higher in children with nasal eosinophils graded as positive than those with less than 5 percent of nasal eosinophils. The rates of appearance of nasal eosinophils graded as positive below and above 250/microL of total eosinophil counts, 250 kUa/L of total IgE concentrations, and 2 kUa/L of house dust mite (D. pteronyssinus or D. farinae) specific IgE concentrations were 16 and 41 percent, 27 and 56 percent, and 13 and 68 percent, respectively CONCLUSION: The levels of total eosinophil counts, total IgE concentrations, and house dust mite specific IgE concentrations correlate significantly with the recovery of nasal eosinophils in children with symptoms of rhinitis.

Pesquisa de marcadores parasitológicos e hematológicos de resistência ao parasitismo gastrintestinal em cordeiros / Study of parasitological and haematological markers of resistance to nematode parasites in lambs

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de identificar marcadores parasitológicos e hematológicos que reflitam a habilidade de ovinos jovens em resistir ao desafio dos nematóides para uma possível seleçäo de animais resistentes à verminose gastrintestinal. Foi estudado um rebanho de 26 cordeiros. Os animais foram avaliados por um período de oito meses, através de colheitas quinzenais de fezes e de sangue. O marcador parasitológico utilizado foi a quantidade de ovos por grama de fezes (opg) e os marcadores hematológicos utilizados foram: contagem de eosinófilos, hematócrito, concentraçäo de hemoglobina, contagem total de eritrócitos e proteínas plasmáticas totais. A metodologia empregada para a seleçäo de cordeiros resistentes ou susceptíveis ao parasitismo foi a análise de cluster. Verificou-se que, para os cordeiros, antes de completarem sete meses de idade, a realizaçäo de um programa de seleçäo näo é viável, pois há uma grande variaçäo na resposta imunológica destes animais para os parâmetros estudados. Foi possível selecionar os cordeiros utilizando-se a associaçäo do opg com a contagem de eosinófilos e a série vermelha sanguínea de quatro picos de parasitismo. Foram selecionados nove cordeiros (36,0 por cento do rebanho)susceptíveis, 3(12,0 por cento do rebanho) intermediário, onze (44,0 por cento do rebanho) resistentes ao parasitismo gastrintestinal e dois cordeiros näo puderam ser selecionados (8,0 por cento do rebanho)